I often note that Mexico is a country full of contradictions and
paradoxes. As a case in point, the Mexican kitchen of the 21st Century
lives cheek by jowl with the Mexican kitchen that predates the 16th Century arrival of the Spanish, and
we’re all the richer for it. Ancient utensils and techniques are put to
daily use in modern kitchens so beautiful they could be in any of
today’s slick kitchen design magazines. In today’s Mexican kitchen, a molcajete and tejolote (volcanic stone mortar and pestle) often sit on the counter next to a Kitchen-Aid mixer, and kiln-fired bean pots made of barro (clay) may well share cupboard space with a Le Creuset Dutch oven.
The Mexican kitchen of colonial times was typified by the kitchens of
the women’s religious orders. Early nuns had very poor diets except on
the many feast days: the reception of a novice into the convent, the
feast day of the order’s patron saint, Christmas, and many other
special days provided reason for especial and elaborate meals. During the annual posadas
(nine-day celebrations prior to Christmas), the ruling Spanish lords,
the local archbishop and other dignitaries were invited to dine with
the nuns, along with their family members and the sponsors of the
convent.
It was in the convents that many of the most wonderful Mexican foods
were invented to take advantage of local products, mixing and matching
them in old European recipes. Today, those recipes that mix of Europe
and the New World are among the most traditional of the Mexican
kitchen.
The cooking utensils that were in daily use in Europe were
almost nonexistent in the New World. Because metal utensils like those used in Spain
were prohibitively expensive in the New World, they were replaced by
utensils made of indigenous clay. Clay pots were gradually perfected,
in large part due to the incorporation of new glazing techniques and
new designs. Other utensils were made from native volcanic stone found predominantly in Mexico’s central highlands. Prehispanic
utensils such as the molcajete, the comal (clay griddle), and the metate
(flat rectangular grinding stone) were common. Most cooks in the days
of the Spanish colonial period were indigenous women who brought their
utensils with them into Spanish New World kitchens.
The volcanic stone metate, along with its mano de metate
(similar to a rolling pin made of stone) was the principal cooking
utensil in the prehispanic kitchen, and it’s still used today in rural
areas to grind corn for making tortilla masa (dough). Volcanic
stone is porous and microscopic pieces of it break off into the corn as
it is ground, becoming an essential part of the dough. It’s so
essential to the texture and flavor of the masa that even in enormous commercial processing plants, the corn-grinding stones are made of volcanic rock.
The metate is also used to grind dried chiles and other
grains used to prepare moles and other complex dishes, and to prepare
the highly prized home made chocolate used for cooking.
The second most important piece in the indigenous kitchen is the three-legged molcajete, a
kind of volcanic stone grinding mortar. It’s still widely used,
especially for grinding soft ingredients such as tomatoes, green
chiles, green onions, herbs, and other condiments. A well seasoned salsa de molcajete (sauce to be used at table, made in a molcajete) is the mark of a wonderful cook.
Family-operated
workshops in certain Mexican villages carve locally mined volcanic stone into the
familiar shape of the molcajete and the less frequently seen metate. It can be difficult to find molcajetes and metates at the source, unless you know where to look. The first time I ventured to one of these small villages, I expected to see molcajetes and metates for sale in stores. I discovered that I
had to knock on the doors at private homes in the towns and ask if
anyone there made molcajetes.
Fortunately there is an easier way for most of us to find a traditional molcajete or metate.
Next time you’re on a shopping expedition to one of Mexico’s regional mercados, ask the merchants where to find a vendor who sells them. They usually range in price from $65 pesos for a tiny molcajete just big enough to use for serving salsa at the table to the mother of all molcajetes
priced at $125 pesos. The vendors may also sell even bigger ones carved
with the head of a pig. Those are priced at approximately $600 pesos.
The basis and essence of the earliest and most current cuisines of Mexico is what is called the corn kitchen. Corn and corn masa have been used to prepare an infinite variety of staple foods in this country since before written history. The word masa
comes from a Nauhatl word that means ‘our flesh’. It’s said that the
Nauhatls believed that their gods created man and woman from corn
dough. That equation of corn with the flesh of the human being is more
telling than any long description of prehispanic, colonial, or
present-day eating habits could be. Corn was all, and in many Mexican
homes today, corn is still all.
The corn tortilla has always been the single most important
staple food of Mexico. Tortillas with a serving of beans are a perfect
protein. In many impoverished Mexican homes, corn tortillas and a pot
of beans are even today the only daily fare. At all levels of society,
a meal eaten at home is not complete without a large stack of
tortillas, carefully wrapped in a special napkin. A family of five can
easily eat a kilo of tortillas as many as eighteen tortillas per
person or more along with the comida (main meal of the day).
From the time tortillas originated, women have patted balls of damp masa by hand to form it into perfect circles. It’s still a mark of pride for a restaurant to offer tortillas "hechas a mano" (hand
made). In some homes, especially in very rural areas, the rhythmic
pat-pat-patting of hands making tortillas marks the dinner hour.
In many cases ‘hand made’ now means tortillas prepared using a tortilla press made of either wood or metal. Masa can either be purchased ready-made at a nearby tortillería or cooks can prepare it from dried corn. Either way, once the masa is ready the tortillas must be made quickly or the masa
will be too dry to work. A piece of waxed paper or one half of a
plastic storage bag is placed on the bottom half of the tortilla press.
A ball of dough the size of a golf ball or slightly larger is pulled
from the bulk of masa; then the dough is flattened slightly by
hand and placed on the plastic. A second plastic or waxed paper sheet
is placed on top of the dough and the press is squeezed shut.
Open the press and there’s a perfectly round tortilla, ready to have
the plastic peeled off. Now do it again. And again. And again, and
remember, there are five of you in the family and at least some of you
will eat eighteen tortillas each at this meal! Even using the modern
convenience of a tortilla press, it’s still backbreaking work to
prepare enough tortillas for a family’s needs.
Of course Mexico is not only about rural tradition and the indigenous
corn kitchen. I recently talked about recent trends in the Mexican
kitchen with Licenciada Virginia Jurado Thierry, owner of Arquitectura en Cocinas in Guadalajara. Walking into her design
center in fashionable Colonia Providencia is like walking into a high
end kitchen designer’s showroom anywhere in the world.
Sleekly modern wood cabinets are shown with stainless steel
refrigerators and restaurant quality stoves; glass-front cupboards
reflect top-of-the-line small appliances crouching on quartz polymer
resin counters. When I explained the nature of this article, Lic.
Jurado nodded and invited me into her private office to chat.
"So many people think the design of the Mexican kitchen is only done with talavera
tiles. New kitchens are constantly evolving, and new design here is
similar to new design everywhere. As you noticed as you walked through
our showrooms, we offer nothing but the finest in kitchens. Everything
is designed with convenience and efficiency and performance in mind."
She paused to reach behind her and take down a thick notebook. "These
are some of the products we offer to our clients."
We flipped through the book. Familiar names in kitchen design jumped
out at me: European lines like Miele and Smeg, United States
manufacturers such as SubZero, Wolf, Viking, and Dacor, and the
noteworthy Italian Valcucina line were just a few important
manufacturers’ names I noticed.
Lic. Jurado smiled. "Our clients really want a bright,
clean look. That translates into light woods such as oak for cabinets,
lots of whites and tones of gray, stainless steel and glass. People
also want aluminum accessories and opaque glass, especially for
cupboard doors. Paint colors are light. For counter tops, we’re getting
many requests for melamine in new, stain-free colors, and polymer resin
quartz in light colors. And some people want granite, or colored
concrete. It’s a whole range of effects, but with a very clean European
look.
"We can,
for example, offer the client a stove for $5000 pesos or we can offer
the client a stove for $15,000 U.S. Usually we find a meeting place
somewhere in between those figures."
What a revelation! I felt as if I’d jumped 500 years, from
Colonial Spanish days to the 21st Century in the course of an
afternoon. The contradictions of Mexico, even in as small a detail as
the utensils and design of a kitchen, still amaze me.
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