Category: Art and Culture

  • Capital City Market Comparisons: Paris–Yes, France!–and Mexico City


    PARIS La Tour Eiffel

    This past May, Mexico Cooks! traveled to Paris–yes, that Paris–with a specific mission: to compare markets in the French capital with markets in Mexico City, Mexico's capital.  As for the photo above, well…you know what that is!

    Prior to traveling to Paris, Mexico Cooks! had arranged a Parisian meeting over dinner (mais oui, what else!) with California foodie expat Randy Díaz.  Randy invited several of his friends to join us and we had a marvelous evening at Le Casse Noix 


    Paris Zabie and Pidds
    The lovely and tremendously knowledgeable
    French Market Maven (Marie Z Johnston) at the incomparable Graineterie du Marché, a small shop on the square occupied by the Marché d'Aligre, Paris.   Loui Franke and the peripatetic Mr. Pidds, whose attention was grabbed by an operatic canary, were along as well.

    One of Randy's friends at our dinner was the delightful Marie Z Johnston.  She very generously offered to take me shopping at her favorite Paris market.  Oh joy!  My first thoughts were, what will I see that compares with the tianguis (Mexican street market) where I shop every week?  And what will I see that I've never seen in Mexico?

    The Mexican tianguis is simply a moveable market.  In my Mexico City neighborhood, three separate tianguis occur every week.  In Paris, we visited the Marché d'Aligre, which sets up in the same square six days a week and also has a brick-and-mortar building alongside the square.  Many fruits and vegetables are the same in both Paris and Mexico City, but for the rest–vive la difference!


    Bonjour Paris Chiles con Jitomate 1
    In Mexico, we are limited to one or at most two varieties of tomatoes.  But there is really NO limit to the kinds of chiles we can buy!  The plum tomatoes in the photo above are accompanied by (from the photo's far left, top shelf) tiny orange chile habanero, long thin green chile de árbol, fatter chile jalapeño, smaller and spicier chile serrano, and (at top right) yellow-orange chile manzano.  The chile manzano, just a bit bigger than a golf ball, is nearly as hot as the habañero, considered by many to be the world's hottest chile.  It is the only chile in the world with black seeds.


    Paris Marché d'Aligre Tomato Varieties
    At the Marché d'Aligre, this whole box was filled with different kinds of tomatoes, including some heirloom varieties.  But there wasn't a chile to be had.


    Bonjour Paris Huauzontle con Rabanitos
    At my tianguis: to the left, standard round Mexican rabanitos (radishes), which in Mexico are eaten out of hand or are thinly sliced and sprinkled as a condiment in certain kinds of hot soup.  To the right, a bunch of huauzontle, a New World vegetable that looks just a little like broccoli.  It's completely unknown in France and the rest of Europe.


    Paris Marché d'Aligre Radishes in Box
    At the Marché d'Aligre, a crate of tender and beautiful red and white French radishes–often eaten with a smear of butter and a sprinkle of salt.

    Bonjour Paris Flor de Calabaza
    Flor de calabaza (squash blossoms) are sold by the large bunch in Mexico.  They can be cut up in soups, stuffed and fried, or used in several other ways.  Trivia tidbit: only the male blossoms are cut and sold, the female blossoms are allowed to develop into a zucchini-like squash.

    Paris Marché d'Aligre Wild Asparagus
    At the Marché d'Aligre, I had to ask what this was.  Even after reading the sign, I was puzzled.  It's wild asparagus!  And behind the wild version, the ubiquitous thick, white French asparagus.  'Twas the season, and asparagus was everywhere.  We only occasionally see fresh asparagus in Mexico, and when it is available it costs el ojo de la cara (the eye out of your face)-the Mexican version of "an arm and a leg".

    Bonjour Paris Granada con Otras Frutas
    Fruits in Mexico can be completely different from fruits in Paris.  For example, on the top shelf of my neighborhood tianguis fruit stand are small cups of granada (pomegranate) seeds, already removed from the fruit and ready to eat with one of those little pink spoons.  On the bottom row are large cups of cut up sandía (watermelon), fresh, sweet, already-peeled tunas (cactus fruit), and a mixed cup of mango, melón (cantaloupe), papaya, and fresas (strawberries).

    Bonjour Paris Papaya con Otras Frutas
    At my tianguis, a typical display of (foreground) fresh Mexican papaya, bananas (top left), jícama, mangos, and peel-on tunas (bottom right).

    Paris Marché d'Aligre Melon Cavaillon
    In Paris, a number of Marché d'Aligre vendors offered Cavaillon melon, similar to cantaloupe but with a definite panache and a fame of its own.  The green-striped melons look so beautiful in their bright-red tissue paper.

    Paris Marché d'Aligre Two Kinds of Cherries
    It was cherry season in France–look at these beauties!  We sometimes see the black cherries in Mexico, but the yellow and red cherries on the right in the photo are unheard of here.  In France, I bought a kilo of the addictive black cherries for 5€ (about $6.00USD).  In Mexico, I recently saw them offered for 20 pesos (about $1.50USD) for a tiny bagful. But as I said: addictive.  I had to buy some.

    Bonjour Paris Huitlacoche
    Unknown in France, considered a plague in the United States, and prized as a delicacy in Mexico: huitlacoche (corn fungus).  It's sometimes called the Mexican truffle.

    Paris Marché d'Aligre Coeur de Boeuf Tomatoes
    These are unknown in Mexico, but coeurs-de-boeuf (beef heart) tomatoes are much sought-after in France.  What a color, what a shape, and what a flavor!

    Paris Marché d'Aligre Peonies and Primroses
    Peonies and primroses at the Marché d'Aligre.  We do see primroses in Mexico, but peonies do not grow here.

    Ajijic_Jalisco_Mexico-Native_Orchids
    Wild orchids grow on trees in Mexico's mountains–and I am not certain, but I suspect that there are none at all in Paris.

    Isn't the diversity of our world wonderful?  As I said before, vive la difference!  Viva la diferencia!  Long live our differences!

    Looking for a tailored-to-your-interests specialized tour in Mexico? Click here: Tours.

     



  • Pozole Moctezuma in Mexico City: Tell’em Mexico Cooks! Sent You

    Pozole Moctezuma Timbre
    The block-long portion of Calle Moctezuma in Colonia Guerrero where the restaurant sits is just off Av. Reforma.  It's right there in plain sight, but where?  Mexico Cooks!' taxi driver missed it twice before he pulled up in front, and even then he couldn't believe we were anyplace we really wanted to be. There's no sign and no indication that the restaurant is anywhere on the block.  Other restaurants, yes–but not the one you are looking for!  The word 'pozole' next to the buzzer at Number 12 is your only clue that you are indeed in the right place.

    Do the clandestine days of Prohibition appeal to you–those long-ago days when, if you wanted a snootful of booze runner's gin, you had to know somebody who knew somebody who knew where the gin joint was?  "Joe sent me," was the joke of the era–knock three times, the little window in the door slid open, and if you were in the right place, knew the right people, and had the right look, you got in for a drink or two or three.

    Something of those days continues to exist in Mexico City: not a gin joint, but a 65-year-old hidden and semi-secret restaurant very near the Centro Histórico.  One of your capitalino friends will have been there; finding the address is still by word of mouth.  Once you're pretty sure you're in the right place, buzz the doorbell marked 'pozole', and the door creaks open.  Aha!  Pozole estilo Guerrero–state of Guerrero style pozole–will soon be your comida (main meal of the day).

    Cabeza de Puerco, Pátzcuaro Feb 2011
    All of the best pozole starts with cabeza de puerco (a pig's head).  Nothing else gives pozole its rich flavor and consistency.

    If you've been following Mexico Cooks! for quite a while, you'll probably remember our 2008 article about Doña María Medina's pozole estilo Jalisco.  Jalisco-style pozole is almost always red, colored and flavored by chile guajillo and usually prepared with dried red corn. Until a few weeks ago, Jalisco-style pozole was the only kind Mexico Cooks! had eaten.  Not any more!  We have now partaken of other pozole pleasures.

    The caldo (soupy part) of Guerrero-style pozole is green, more often than not, and prepared in part with pepitas (squash seeds).  The dried, nixtamalize-d (soaked with builder's lime and water) corn is white, not red.  The flavor is much milder than that of Jalisco-style pozole, and the accompaniments are decidedly different.

    Pozole Moctezuma Comensales
    Our group of comensales (diners)–in this instance, happy fellow pozole-slurpers and good friends.  From left in the photo: Judith McKnight, photographers Sergio Mendoza Alarcón and Bertha Herrera, journalist Rubén Hernández, and journalist Nadia Luna.  The empty chair is mine, and we were later joined by the delightful gastronomer Silvia Kurczyn. 

    If you are interested in preparing a delicious meal for your friends and family–especially good on a cool fall day, a chilly winter day, or on one of Mexico City's cool, rainy summer afternoons–pozole estilo Guerrero is just the ticket.  There are many recipes available on the Internet, both in Spanish and English–not necessarily the exact family recipe used at Pozole Moctezuma, but delicious nonetheless.

    Pozole Moctezuma Tostadas de Chorizo
    Our group indulged in several appetizers: an entire plateful of very fine rolled tacos de chorizo (chorizo is a spicy pork sausage, in this case house-made) and laden with finely chopped onion and fresh cilantro–plus a squeeze of fresh limón), disappeared before I could snap its picture.  I pulled the second appetizer plate over to me as soon as it arrived at table; this plate is filled with tostadas de frijoles refritos con chorizo y tomate (crispy tortillas with refried beans, the same chorizo used in the tacos, and thinly sliced tomatoes).  I could have eaten all six tostadas, they were that delicious.  The yellow plate in the background holds freshly made chicharrón (fried pork skin) to eat by itself or to add to the pozole.

    Pozole Moctezume Pozole Servido
    Each of us ordered the medium-size pozole, more than enough for medium-size appetites or for folks who had already eaten several appetizers.  Compare the size of the bowl with the good-size avocado behind it.  Our bowlsful, replete with rich pork meat, nixtamal-ized corn, and Guerrero-green broth, arrived at table just as you see this one.  Behind the bowl at left are a plate of chicharrón (rear), a plate of plain tostadas, and, to the right, the avocado. 

    Pozole Moctezuma Pozole
    My bowl of pozole after adding condiments.  I know the green in the center looks like broccoli, but in reality it is pieces of avocado just spooned out of the skin.  Also in the bowl are a sprinkle of oregano, a sprinkle of chile piquín, a spoonful each of minced onion and chile serrano, and a bit of chopped cilantro. On the back edge of the bowl (at twelve o'clock) is a piece of chicharrón gordo, with a creamy square of deep-fried pork meat still attached.  Next to the chicharrón is a tostada smeared with thick crema (Mexican table cream), sprinkled with just a bit of the same chile piquín.  In the bowl itself, just in front of the green avocado, is a slice of sardine.  Its slightly fishy saltiness added the perfect je-ne-sais-quoi to the pozole.  According to my compañeros de mesa (dining companions), pozole estilo Guerrero is often served with a sardine accompaniment.  The various elements of the pozole represent all of the elements of the state, including the high plains, the jungle, and the coast.

    Pozole Moctezuma Jerónimo Alvaro Garduño
    This restaurant, with well over 65 years of history behind it, has been witness to countless events important to Mexico City and the country as a whole.  Here, history has been made and history has been changed, young men propose to their girlfriends and politicians plan their campaigns.  During one crucial comida, the guns of opposing political factions had to be checked at the door.  Jerónimo Álvarez Garduño, the gallant great-grandson of the founder, is executive chef of the restaurant that got its start long before he was born.  Its beginnings, in the kitchen and living room of his great-grandmother's upstairs apartment (Number 6), were hidden from public view for the security of the restaurant's clients.  Álvarez Garduño works together with his parents, Yolanda Garduño and Guillermo Álvarez López, to ensure that the great Guerrero tradition of "jueves pozolero" (pozole Thursday) continues in Mexico City.

    Pozole Moctezuma Postre

    Things are not always what they seem: arroz con huevo estrellado (rice with sunny-side up fried egg) is a typically Mexican dish–served in an atypical form at Pozole Moctezuma.  Here, it's dessert: arroz con leche topped with a syrupy peach half.

    Pozole Moctezuma Anís
    After comida, ask for café de olla–normally, a special Mexican coffee sweetened in the pot with piloncillo (raw brown sugar) and cinnamon.  At Pozole Moctezuma, you will be served instead with a glass of anise liqueur, a few roasted coffee beans floating on top.  The restaurant has never had a liquor license, but some alcoholic beverages by other names are available: a refrescada (mezcal with grapefruit soda) to start your meal, beer to go with your pozole, and this lovely café de olla to finish your meal.  Soft drinks are also served.

    Pozole Moctezuma is a true, rich taste of Mexico City's yesteryear.  By all means, if you are visiting the city, go.  You'll be so glad you did.

    Pozole Moctezuma
    Moctezuma #12 (Ring the bell to be admitted)
    Colonia Guerrero
    Distrito Federal
    Monday through Saturday 2PM – 7PM
    Pozole verde on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday
    Reservations: 5526-7448

    Looking for a tailored-to-your-interests specialized tour in Mexico? Click here: Tours

  • Mexican Independence Day: Chiles en Nogada (Poblano Chiles in Walnut Sauce), It’s What’s for Dinner

    Chiles en Nogada
    Chiles en nogada (stuffed chiles poblanos in walnut sauce), Pátzcuaro, Michoacán.  Photo by Mexico Cooks!.

    For the entire month of September, Mexico celebrates its independence with parades, parties, and traditional food and drink in restaurants and at home.  One of the most festive recipes connected with Mexico's Independence Day holiday is for chiles en nogada, a magnificent tribute to the seasonal availability of granadas (pomegranates) and nuez de Castilla (freshly harvested walnuts). From mid-July until early October, fresh pomegranates and newly harvested walnuts make chiles en nogada possible.  Spicy chiles poblano, stuffed with a fruity picadillo and topped with richly creamy walnut sauce and pomegranate seeds, flaunt the brilliant green, white and red of the Mexican flag.

    This festive dish is traditionally served on September 15 or 16 in honor of Mexico's Independence Day, though it is popular anytime in the late summer and early fall. During August and September in the highlands of Mexico, particularly on the streets bordering open-air markets in Mexico City and Puebla, village women can be seen sitting on blankets painstakingly peeling off the brown skin from each individual walnut. It is important to use the freshest walnuts possible, as they produce such a creamy, rich sauce that it is worth the effort demanded to peel them.  Yes, although the recipe is not difficult, it is definitely time-consuming…but you and your guests will jump up and shout "VIVA!" when you have licked the platters clean.

    Ingredientes
    In Mexico, locally grown peaches, pomegranates, and walnuts are in season during the late summer and early fall.

    Ingredients

    For the Meat 

    • 2 pounds beef brisket or other stew meat or 1 pound beef and 1 pound pork butt 
    • 1 small white onion, quartered 
    • 2 large cloves garlic 
    • about 1 Tbsp sea salt

     For the Picadillo 

    • 4 Tbsp safflower or canola oil
    • 1/3 cup chopped white onion
    • 3 large cloves garlic, minced
    • 1/2 tsp ground cinnamon 
    • 1/4 tsp freshly ground black pepper
    • 1/8 tsp ground cloves
    • 3 heaping Tbsp raisins
    • 1 or 2 chiles serrano, finely minced
    • 2 Tbsp chopped walnuts or pecans
    • 2 Tbsp chopped candied pineapple
    • 1 fresh pear, peeled and chopped
    • 1 apple, peeled and chopped
    • 1 large potato, peeled and diced
    • 3 large, ripe tomatoes, roasted, peeled and chopped
    • sea salt to taste

    Chiles_poblanos

    For the Chiles 

    • 6 large, very fresh chiles poblanos , roasted, peeled, and seeded, leaving the stem intact 

     For the Nogada (Walnut Sauce)

    • 1 cup fresh walnuts
    • 6 ounces queso doble crema or cream cheese (not fat free) at room temperature 
    • 1-1/2 cups crema mexicana or 1-1/4 cups sour cream thinned with milk 
    • about 1/2 tsp sea salt or to taste
    • 1 Tbsp sugar   
    • 1/8 tsp ground cinnamon 
    • 1/4 cup dry sherry (optional)

    Granadas

    For the Garnish 

    • 1 Tbsp coarsely chopped flat-leaf parsley
    • 1/2 cup fresh pomegranate seeds

    Procedure

    Cut the meat into large chunks, removing any excess fat. Place the meat into a large Dutch oven with the onion, garlic, and salt. Cover with cold water and bring to a boil over medium-high heat. Skim off any foam that collects on the surface. Lower the heat and allow the water to simmer about 45 minutes, until the meat is just tender. Take the pot off the stove and let the meat cool in the broth. Remove the pieces of meat and finely shred them.

    Warm the oil in a large, heavy skillet and sauté the onion and garlic over medium heat until they turn a pale gold. Stir in the shredded meat and cook for five minutes. Add the cinnamon, pepper, and cloves, then, stir in the raisins, the two tablespoons of chopped walnuts. Add the chopped pear, apple, and potato, and mix well. Add the tomatoes and salt to taste, and continue cooking over medium-high heat until most of the moisture has evaporated. Stir often so that the mixture doesn't stick. Let cool, cover, and set aside. The picadillo may be made a day or two in advance.

    Azul Histórico Chile en Nogada Mixto 18 agosto 2012
    At Mexico City's lovely Restaurante Azul/Histórico, the chiles en nogada are served with either sweet or savory walnut sauce or with both, one sauce at each end of the chile.  The waitstaff brings a tray of un-sauced chiles to the table; each diner picks the chile he or she wants to eat.  The sauces are ladled on from enormous bowls, the waitstaff sprinkles your chile with pomegranates and tops each one with a large sprig of flat-leaf parsley.  Chiles en nogada are on the menu until the end of September.

    Make a slit down the side of each chile, just long enough to remove the seeds and veins. Keep the stem end intact. Drain the chiles, cut side down, on paper towels until completely dry. Cover and set aside. The chiles may be prepared a day in advance.

    At least three hours in advance, put the walnuts in a small pan of boiling water. Remove from the heat and let them sit for five minutes. Drain the nuts and, when cool, rub off as much of the dark skin as possible. Chop into small pieces. Place the nuts, cream cheese, crema, and salt in a blender and purée thoroughly. Stir in the optional sugar, cinnamon, and sherry until thoroughly combined. Chill for several hours.

    El Portalito Chile en Nogada
    Another beautifully presented, absolutely delicious, and very large serving of chile en nogada, this time at Fonda El Portalito in Colonia la Condesa, Mexico City.  For a mere 90 pesos, your menú del día (complete meal of the day) includes a basket of fresh bread, two salsas, choice of two soups, either rice or spaghetti, the chile en nogada, all the agua fresca you want, and a little cup of gelatin dessert.  At El Portalito, chiles en nogada are available throughout the month of September.

    Preheat the oven to 250ºF. When ready to serve, reheat the meat filling and stuff the chiles until they are plump and just barely closed. Put the filled chiles, covered, to warm slightly in the oven. After they are warmed to room temperature, place the stuffed chiles (cut side down) on a serving platter or on individual plates, cover with the chilled walnut sauce, and sprinkle with the parsley leaves and the pomegranate seeds.

    This dish may be served at room temperature, or it may be served chilled. It is rarely if ever served hot.

    Photos 2, 3, and 4 courtesy of Jesús Guzmán Moya, M.D., of Puebla, Puebla, México.  Enjoy more of Dr. Guzmán's lovely photos here.  Gracias, amigo Chucho!  And have a look here for more traditional Mexican recipes.

    Looking for a tailored-to-your-interests specialized tour in Mexico? Click here: Tours.

     

  • Fiestas Patrias Mexicanas: Celebrating Mexican Independence Day

    Banderas
    Street vendors hawk la bandera nacional (the Mexican flag) in dozens of forms for several weeks during August and right up to September 16, Mexico's Independence Day.

    September 16 is Independence Day in Mexico.  Mexico's struggle for freedom from Spanish colonization began sometime between midnight and dawn on September 16, 1810, when Father Miguel Hidalgo gave the Grito de Dolores (Cry of Dolores) from the parish bell tower in the town known today as Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato.  Mexico celebrates its Fiestas Patrias (Patriotic Holidays) on September 16 with parades of school children and military batallions, politicians proclaiming speeches, and general festivity. 

    Hundreds of books have been written about Mexico's break from Spain, millions of words have been dedicated to exploring the lives of the daring men and women who knew, a bit more than 200 years ago, that the time had come for freedom.  You can read some of the history on the Internet.  Another excellent source for Mexican history is The Life and Times of Mexico, by Earl Shorris.  You'll find that book available on the left-hand side of this page.

    But the best-kept secret in Mexico is the Independence Day party.  No, the big deal is not on September 16th.  Held every year on the night of September 15, the Gran Noche Mexicana (the Great Mexican Night), the real celebration of the revolutionary events in 1810, is a combination of New Year's Eve, your birthday, and your country's independence festivities.  Wouldn't you really rather hear about the party?

    Kiosko_adornado
    Jalisco town kiosko (bandstand) decorated for the Fiestas Patrias.

    For years I've attended the September 15 celebrations in a variety of towns and cities.  In Mexico City, the country's president leads hundreds of thousands of citizens in late-night celebrations in the zócalo, the enormous square surrounded by government buildings and the Metropolitan Cathedral.  Every Mexican town big enough to have a mayor holds a reenactment of the Grito de Dolores, Hidalgo's cry for independence.  The town square is decorated with flags, bunting, and ribbons.  Cohetes (sky rockets) flare and bang.  Sometime around eleven o'clock at night, the folks, assembled in the town plaza since nine or so, are restless for the celebration to begin.  The mayor's secretary peeks out from the doorway of the government offices, the folkloric dancers file off the stage in the plaza, the band tunes up for the Himno Nacional (the national anthem), the crowd waves its flags and hushes its jostling.  The mayor steps out onto the balcony of the government building or onto the stage built just outside the building's front door to sing the emotional verses. 

    Dressed in his finest and backed up by a military or police guard, the mayor clears his throat and loudly begins an Independence Day proclamation.  He pulls a heavy rope to ring the Independence bell, then he waves a huge Mexican flag.  Back and forth, back and forth!  In every Mexican town, the proclamation ends with Hidalgo's 202-year-old exhortations: "Long live religion!  Long live Our Lady of Guadalupe! Long live the Americas and death to the corrupt government!"

    Guadalupano
    Father Hidalgo's 1810 banner.  He carried this banner as his standard as a leader in the fight for Mexico's independence from Spain.

    The mayor and the crowd shout as one voice: "Viva México!  Qué viva!  Qué viva!"  The mayor grins and waves as the fireworks begin, bursting huge green, white, and red chrysanthemums over the heads of the attendees.

    Later there will be dancing and more music, pozole, tostadas, mezcal, tequila and beer, and, in larger towns and cities, all-night revelry in the plaza, in private homes, and in hotels, restaurants, and events halls.

    About five years ago my friend, música ranchera singer Lupita Jiménez from Guadalajara, invited me to a Gran Noche Mexicana where she was performing.  The event was scheduled to start at 9.30, but Mexican custom normally dictates late arrival.  By ten o'clock I was on my way to the party.  At the salón de eventos (events hall) the parking lot was already full, but a man was parking cars on the street just a block away.  As I left my car, he said, "Could you pay me now for watching your car?  It's 20 pesos.  I'll be leaving a little early, probably before the event is over." 

    "How long will you be here?" I asked, a bit anxious about leaving the car alone on this night of prodigious revelry.

    Lupita
    Lupita Jiménez in performance at a Gran Noche Mexicana in Guadalajara.

    "Till six."  My jaw dropped and I handed him the 20 pesos.  Six in the morning!  Surely we wouldn't party quite so long as that! 

    The sad truth is that I didn't.  I couldn't.  My stamina flagged at about 3:00 AM, after dinner had been served at 10:30, a city politician had proclaimed the Grito, the Himno Nacional had been sung, and fireworks (I swear to you) had been set off on the indoor stage of the salón de eventos (events hall).  Then the show started, a brief recapitulation in dance of Mexican history starting with concheros (loincloth-clad Aztec dancers) whirling around a belching volcano, and ending with the glorious jarabe tapatía–the Guadalajara regional dance that English-speakers know as the Mexican hat dance.

    After innumerable trios, duets, and solo singers, the show paused for intermission at close to two in the morning.  Several of my table-mates slipped away, but I thought I could make it to the end.  The first half of the Gran Noche Mexicana had been invigorating and exciting and I loved it.  During intermission, a wonderful Mexican comedian poked fun at politics, functionaries, and Mexican life in general.  We were all roaring with laughter.  When the comic left the stage, I realized that I was exhausted and needed to go home to bed.  Just as the performers stepped onto the stage to begin the next round of song, I sneaked away. 

    When I called Lupita the next afternoon to congratulate her on the success of the event, she asked if I'd stayed for the last few costume changes.  "Mija, I had to go home early.  I lasted till three, but then I just couldn't stay awake.  I'm so sorry I missed the end." 

    Lupita laughed.  "I'm glad you lasted that long, but next time you have to stay for the whole night!  You missed the best part!"

    Zcalo_df_2
    The Zócalo (main city plaza) in Mexico City, dressed up for the Fiestas Patrias.

    Viva México!  Qué viva!

    Looking for a tailored-to-your-interests specialized tour in Mexico? Click here: Tours.

     

  • The Milpa, Bastion of Biological and Cultural Diversity in Mexico

    [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYdUpQQ0_Rg&w=370&h=278]
    "Las Cuatro Milpas", sung by Los Alegres de Terán.  Youtube claims one person as the songwriter, although other sources differ and mention other writers.  Whoever wrote it, the song is a classic of Mexico's early 20th century music repetoire.

    You might well ask, "What exactly are the cuatro milpas, so sadly lamented in this old song?"  The words cuatro milpas come close to translating to 'four cornfields'–but the milpa is far more than a cornfield, in Mexico's ancient agricultural practices.  Why is the millenia-old milpa (it is first documented in botanical archeology from about 2400 years ago) still so critically important to Mexico's way of life?

    The name milpa is derived from the Náhuatl word milli, sowed ground, combined with the náhuatl word pan, meaning on or in–combined, the literal meaning is "what is grown on the land".  The plants grown in the milpa are the fundamental Mesoamerican triad of corn, beans, and squash.  Today's milpa, which after thousands of years of cultivation consists of these same plants as well as others (including quelites and tomatoes), produces one and one-half times the yield of modern-day 'improved' corn which is planted in enormous fields without the nutrients that are fed into the soil by the companion plants of the ages-old milpa.

    Maíz
    Maíz criollo–native corn–in a few of its more than 60 diverse forms and colors.  More of the plant is used than just the elotes (ears of corn).  The tassels are used to make tamales, corn silk is used as a medicine, the dried husks are used to wrap tamales, and in Michoacán, the leaves are used to wrap corundas.  Dried corn stalks are stored year-round for use as forage for cattle and pigs.

    The milpa, where food is grown not only for humans but also for animals, produces crops during the better part of the year.  In the milpa, the first crops harvested are the quelites (tender wild greens).  Later, the squash plants begin to flower–only the male flowers are harvested for cooking.  The female flowers are left to develop squash.  If the plants are calabacita (a zucchini-type squash), the first small calabacitas are consumed when they have barely begun to develop.


    Drawing dated 1543 of phaseolus vulgaris (the common bean, which originated in Mexico).  At about the time that young squash are harvested, beans begin to flower.  The flowers are often eaten either in tamales or with the beans themselves.  Around this time of year, corn stalks put out their first tender elotes (ears), which are eaten in an infinity of ways, either alone or in combination with fresh beans and wild greens.

    Milpa Dibjuo
    In the milpa, corn grows tall, light-weight bean plants twist around the corn stalks for support, and squash plants grow close to the ground so the heavy fruit of the vine has a place to rest among the corn stalks. 
    When you see a small 'corn field' near a house when you're out for a drive in the Mexican countryside, pull off the road and take a closer look.  Watch for other crops among the corn.  You're looking at a milpa.

     Calabaza Partida
    Calabaza de castilla (Castilla squash) is one of several squash varieties that grow in the milpa.  At the end of the growing season, large hard-shell squash like these are harvested and stored to be used for food throughout the season when the milpa lies fallow.  In addition, beans are gathered and dried for food as well as for seed for planting during the following year.  Other milpa-grown plants are harvested and stored for animal feed.

    Fiesta de huey tozoztli ofrendas de maíz para Chicomecóatl
    Offerings of corn in various forms, from the 16th century Códice Florentino by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, the first ethnobiologist in the so-called New World.  The 14-volume work, written in Náhuatl, describes every detail of the indigenous life found by the Spaniards.

    Indigena-con-frijoles
    Indigenous woman cooking beans.  The curled symbols coming from her mouth are speech indicators; it's quite likely that she is pictured at prayer while placing the beans in her cooking pot.  Códice Florentino.

    Vendedor de chile Códice Florentino
    Chile vendor, from the Códice Florentino.

    La Planta del Hombre de Maíz Mural Templo Rojo Cacaxtla, Tlaxcala
    Mural fragment, Hombre de Maíz (Corn Men), Templo Rojo Cacaxtla, Nativitas, Tlaxcala.  The mural was painted sometime between 100 and 1100 AD.  Corn is thought to be the origin of humankind, its sustenance, and its hope for the future.  The image of humans born from corn persists up to the present in some places; in Chiapas in 2008, I saw modern clay sculptures of fetuses curled into corn husks.

    La Milpa Mural Diego Rivera Palacio Nacional DF
    Diego Rivera, 1929 portion of a mural depicting a milpa.  In the Palacio Nacional, Mexico City. 

    So what?  Why is the milpa so important in today's world of 'improved' crops, modern farming, and agro-industry?  In brief, the milpa is the spot where Mexico's rich cultural and agricultural heritage and knowledge join to make use of nature during the entire cultivation cycle.  The milpa alone has demonstrated its capacity to sustain the healthy and diverse nourishment of large populations, nourishment sustainable from the  pre-Hispanic era to current times.  The key word is sustainable: the milpa is the living and lasting foundation of Mexico's biodiversity, renewable with each year's crop cycle. 

    Looking for a tailored-to-your-interests specialized tour in Mexico? Click here: Tours. 

     

  • Mesamérica 2012: Mexican Gastronomic Summit (Cumbre Gastronómica de México 2012) DAY FOUR

    Mesamérica 4 QueBo
    Chef José Ramón Castillo, premier chocolate maker and proprietor of the extraordinary chocolate shop and restaurant QueBo! in Mexico City's Centro Histórico, opened the talks for Mesamérica Day Four with a demonstration that left the entire audience wishing for just one of his gorgeous bonbons.

    Mesamérica 4 QueBo Platillo
    Chef José Ramón prepared a dish of modernized and deconstructed tacos al pastor: roasted and fire-grilled pork perched on a tostada ring, a side of grilled pineapple, and the traditional accompaniments (chile serrano, radishes, cilantro, and onion).  The meat is topped with a warmed white chocolate bonbon filled with the gelatinized juices of the roasted pork.  The detailed preparation and presentation made everyone's mouth water as the fragrances of this spectacular dish wafted through the auditorium.

    Mesamérica 4 Rick Bayless 1
    The much-anticipated talk and presentation by chef Rick Bayless was absolutely worth the wait.  Since opening Frontera, his first Chicago restaurant, Chef Rick has refined both his culinary style and his understanding of authenticity.  His delineation (in Spanish) of thoughtful and thought-provoking ideas kept the crowd's attention to the end.

    He initially outlined four specific challenges to the home cook or restaurant chef who wants to prepare "authentic" Mexican food.

    • Outside Mexico, Mexican food is commonly understood to be 'fast food'.  Other than typical antojitos (little whims, generally corn masa based) Mexican food eaten in Mexico is very slow food.
    • Many of Mexico's fundamental ingredients are not available worldwide, although some (such as tomate verde (tomatillos) and masa de maíz (prepared corn dough) are accessible in parts of the United States.
    • It is necessary to achieve the flavors of Mexican dishes and then balance them.
    • The old concept of authenticity includes: (1) ingredients imported from Mexico; (2) old traditional recipes; and (3) no interference by the cook–in other words, no 'tweaking' the original recipes.

    Let's take a look at the example of transformation that Chef Rick prepared at Mesamérica. 

    Mexamérica 4 Traditional Tlayuda Oaxaqueña
    A traditional tlayuda oaxaqueña has a very large toasted corn base, similar to a tostada.  The base is topped with frijolitos negros refritos (refried black beans) and lots of quesillo (Oaxaca cheese).  The toppings of the tlayuda pictured above also include chorizo (spicy pork sausage, fried), sliced avocado, and crumbled queso fresco (a white cheese).  Photo courtesy Nileguide.

    Chef Rick then outlined his new–or perhaps better said, current–concept of authenticity.

    • the dish uses seasonal ingredients from the cook's surroundings
    • it expresses a deep understanding of culture, environment, or craft.  It focuses on the delicious and seduces the diner
    • the best authentic food always seduces

    Mesamérica 4 Rick Bayless Tlayuda de Cuchara
    Chef Rick Bayless's re-defined concept of Oaxaca's signature tlayuda.  He calls this "Tlayuda con Cuchara" (tlayuda you eat with a spoon).

    Chef Rick then proceeded to demonstrate his expression of the typical Oaxacan tlayuda.  While it contains ingredients that are similar to those we think of as traditional, it is served in a bowl and eaten with a spoon.  Frankly, folks, Mexico Cooks! is not convinced.  The flavor combination and complexity may be similar, but if you've been to Oaxaca and what you crave is a tlayuda, this isn't it.

    Rick Bayless gave a tremendous presentation that left me and the rest of the audience–about 2,000 people strong–both impressed with his thought processes and re-thinking what our own concepts are.  In June 2012, the Mexican government honored him with the Order of the Aztec Eagle, the highest award that Mexico can give to a foreigner.  The award was given "for his important work in the promotion and dissemination of cultural expressions of our country, internationally recognized, as is the national cuisine in general and Mexican cuisine in particular."  Congratulations, and so well deserved!

    Mesamérica 4 Alejandro Ruiz
    Chef Alejandro Ruiz explains a fine point of dinner preparation at his restaurant Casa Oaxaca, in the city of Oaxaca, Mexico.  It was a delight to see and hear Chef Alejandro working on the Mesamérica stage.  His talk focussed on clay and corn.

    Mesamérica 4 Fogón de Michoacán
    The setup for his demonstration involved hauling a Oaxacan hornilla (cookstove) all the way from Oaxaca.  The hornilla is similar to this fogón–along with its built-in clay comal (griddle)–used in Michoacán. 

    Mesamérica 4 Alejandro Ruiz Salsa Martejada
    While an assistant worked on making tortillas, Chef Alejandro prepared this salsa molcajeteajada (literally, sauce made in a molcajete).

    Mesamérica 4 Alejandro Ruiz Pescado
    One of the dishes that Chef Alejandro Ruiz prepared during his demonstration: mero (grouper), brushed with a sauce, wrapped in hoja santa (a subtle anise-flavored fresh leaf), then wrapped again in banana leaf, and finally wrapped in a thick 'tortilla' of clay and baked in the embers of the hornilla.  The fish is presented to the diner still in its clay wrap, along with a stone.  At table, use the stone to break open the clay wrap and release the fragrance and flavors of the fish.  Gorgeous!

    Mesamérica 4 John Sconzo by Peter Merelis
    John Sconzo is an anesthesiologist by profession and a photographer by avocation.  Photo courtesy Peter Merelis.

    After years of Internet friendship–we travel in similar online food circles–I was happy to meet John Sconzo, a long-time food aficionado.  I asked what he thought about Mesamérica.  He said, "I came to Mesamérica because I like cultures that are different from mine, from the food to the art to the whole environment.  Here, I heard so much optimism, felt so much energy.  The chefs are at once localists and globalists, and no one idea prevails, unless it is to preserve and support traditional cuisine.  This has definitely not been one-sided; everything from traditional preparation to the most modern cuisine has been represented.  I loved it."

    There was more, much, much more–too much to report, to tell you the truth.  Among the talks I didn't mention here: biologists Edelmira Linares and Robert Bye, designer Héctor Esrawe, Chef Ricardo Muñoz Zurita, and Chef Oswaldo Olivia, all from Mexico City, and Chef Rodolfo Guzmán of Chile, all of whom knocked my socks off.  I've left out the final presentation, given by Albert Adrià (brother of that other Adrià), who will soon be opening a restaurant in Mexico City.  Honestly, the three and a half day conference, with a new and fascinating speaker every 30 minutes, left me fascinated but exhausted. 

    Mesamérica 4 Lineup for 2013
    Onward to 2013: a partial lineup of the chefs already committed to participate next May at Mesamérica.  Meantime, congratulations on the first Mesamérica to Enrique Olvera and his entire team!

    Looking for a tailored-to-your-interests specialized tour in Mexico? Click here: Tours.

     

  • Mesamérica 2012: Mexican Gastronomic Summit (Cumbre Gastronómica de México 2012) DAY THREE

    Mesamérica 3 Paulina Abasacal Macetitas
    Mesamérica 2012 Day Three began with chef Paulina Abascal's sweet demonstration of completely edible dessert flower pots filled with organic pansies and mint leaves.  Above, the simple and attractive finished product.  Chef Paulina is a household name in Mexico, in large part due to her television appearances as a pastry chef.  Her recipes are frequently designed for and easily prepared by the home cook.

    Mesamérica NOMA Rosio Sánchez 1
    In an interesting juxtaposition of Day Three speakers, the talk given by world-reknowned pastry chef Rosio Sanchez of Noma (Copenhagen, Denmark) directly followed that of Paulina Abascal.  Chicago native Chef Rosio (that is how she spells her name) is only 28 years old, but she has already been part of the restaurant team at Chicago's Alinea and then served as sous-pastry chef at WD-50 in New York.  She started as head pastry chef at Chef René Redzepi's stellar restaurant Noma in 2009.

    Mesamérica 3 Noma Interior Tomislav Medak Flickr
    A brief explanatory digression: the San Pellegrino "World's 50 Best Restaurants" competition has named Noma the number one restaurant in the world in 2010, 2011, and 2012.  The annual award is a compilation of the opinions of more than 800 international restaurant industry experts. What constitutes "best" is left to the judgment of these trusted and well-travelled gourmets.  Noma interior, photo courtesy Tomislav Medak.

    Mesamérica 3 Noma Rosio-Sanchez-Bitters---Gammel-Dansk
    Gammel Dansk dessert of cucumber, celery, Gammel Dansk liquor, and white chocolate.  Gammel Dansk is a bitters liquor and was originally created to become a competitor on the Danish market to other bitters such as Underberg and Fernet Branca.  It is aged with 29 types of herbs, spices and even flowers. The herbs and spices include angelica, star anise, nutmeg, anise, ginger, laurel, gentian, Seville orange and cinnamon, and several others. The complete recipe is kept secret. 

    Chef Rosio talked eloquently about dessert as a desire rather than a necessity.  She spoke about sugar itself as a mental stimulant, a treatment for abstinence, and as a pleasure.  She reminded us that we remember our childhood dessert favorites as almost inevitably cake or ice cream, but that often as adults we often prefer fruit.  Her philosophy and talent shone through her presentation and captivated both the sensory and intellectual sides of the audience.

    Mesamérica 3 BIKO 1
    Chefs Mikel Alonso, Bruno Oteiza, and Gerard Bellver of Restaurante Biko in Mexico City.  Biko opened its doors in 2008 and is included in the 2012 San Pellegrino "World's 50 Best Restaurants" list at number 38.  The restaurant continues to carry on its traditions: the value of the original product, technique, and their characteristic identity.

    Mesamérica 3 BIKO 2
    It was a pleasure to watch the Biko chefs create this beautiful dish, purely Mexican in concept and purely Biko in execution.

    Mesamérica 3 SWALLOW 1
    SWALLOW Magazine's October issue will feature Mexico City.  Mexico Cooks! got to leaf through the mock-up copy you see on the big Mesamérica screen.  If you live where you can buy a copy, run-do-not- walk to your newsstand as soon as the magazine hits the shelves.  It is creative, innovative, clever, imaginative–in one word, brilliant.

    Mesamérica 3 James Casey SWALLOW
    James Casey, the SWALLOW founder and editor, publishes two issues per year of the magazine.  Casey, born and raised in Hong Kong, really gets it about culinary life in the Distrito Federal, Mexico's enormous capital city.  His talk and video presentation created a high energy atmosphere at Mesamérica–think a joyously screaming, whistling, cheering crowd of more than 2,000.  Everything he said touched a happy nerve in the audience.   All the photos he projected were of bars, taco stands, and iconic culinary relics of Mexico City.  I can hardly wait to see the magazine again!

    Mesamérica 3 Rancho Gordo Heirloom Beans
    It's really hard for me to write about Rancho Gordo without tremendous pride.  I've known its founder, Steve Sando, since his New World Specialty Food company was just a glimmer in his eye.  Hearing him tell the story of his heirloom bean business at Mesamérica left me with a tear in my own eye and the pleasure of watching his welcome as a valuable member of the Mexican food world.  His partnership with Xoxoc, his fair trade practices, and his enormous appreciation for all things Mexico spoke to the Mesamérica audience of his high integrity and deep commitment to the ideals the audience believes in: support for the Mexican farm worker and the land and preservation of Mexico's milennia-old foods. 

    Mesamérica 3 Rancho Gordo Products
    Rancho Gordo products labelled for sale in Mexico.  And on the right, see the stack of three coladeras de barro (clay colanders) from Xoxoc?  The smallest one now graces the Mexico Cooks! kitchen.

    Mesamérica 3 Monica Patiño
    Chef Mónica Patiño, proprietor of Mexico City restaurants La Taberna del León, Naos, and Delirio.  Chef Mónica spoke about culinary responsibility to use seasonal products and to maintain what is Mexican in Mexico.  She urged the student chefs in the audience to be wary of being crushed by globalization.  Photo courtesy El Universal.

    If you review the three Mexico Cooks! articles about Mesamérica, it's easy to see that there is a thread–a bright golden thread–running through the speakers' topics: preserve the past, educate in the present, innovate for the future. 

    Next week: Day Four of Mesamérica, last but definitely not least in this August four-part series.

    Looking for a tailored-to-your-interests specialized tour in Mexico? Click here: Tours.

  • Mesamérica 2012: Mexican Gastronomic Summit (Cumbre Gastronómica de México 2012) DAY TWO

    Mesamérica 2 Daniel Ovadía
    Chef Daniel Ovadía and two of his assistants from Restaurante Paxia in Mexico City, on stage at Day Two of Mesamérica.  Like many of the new crop of notable chefs, Chef Daniel offered thoughts about using traditional Mexican ingredients in new ways.

    Mesamérica 2 Daniel Ovadía Pescado en Ceniza
    Chef Daniel Ovadía described one of his new creations as a "Mexican surf and turf".  It consists of Mexican-raised trout cooked in a coating of tortilla ash and plated with radishes shredded in the form of anguillas (eels), fresh setas (mushrooms), crystallized grapefruit peel, and native cilantro.  According to a recent article in the Wall Street Journal, 2012 may well be known as "the year of the ash".  Other chefs at Mesamérica also featured ash-y dishes.

    Mesamérica 2 Daniel Ovadía Plato México
    At the end of his presentation, Chef Daniel prepared this dish while a long poem was read.  Titled "Todos Queremos un México Mejor" ('Everyone Wants a Better Mexico'), the work is a compilation of answers received from the Paxia staff when asked, "What do you want for Mexico's future?"  Here are just a few lines:

    • Quiero un MEXICO libre de pensamiento, libres para decidir y actuar, para decir, sin ofender ni afectar a terceros. (I want a MEXICO with freedom to think, where we are free to decide and act–that is to say, without offending or affecting others.)
    • Es un trabajo de todos y no solo de gobierno, desafortunadamente el Mexicano es el que tiene
      que cambiar, el Mexicano es el que tiene que creer, que querer, no basta ni bastará jamás con
      solo pedirlo, soñarlo, imaginarlo o exigirlo a nuestros gobernantes, es una cuestión de credibilidad y lucha de todos, solo cambiando nuestra mentalidad a ser mejores Mexicanos
      y mejores seres humanos lograremos el cambio. (It's everyone's job, not just the government's, unfortunately we Mexicans are the ones who have to change, we Mexicans are the ones who have to believe, to want.  It's not enough nor will it ever be enough simply to ask, to dream, to imagine, or to insist on things from our government.  It's a question of credibility and it's everyone's battle, by only changing our mentality to be better Mexicans and better human beings will we be able to create the change.)
    • Queremos un MÉXICO que tenga gente orgullosa de ser mexicana, no porque deba ser así, sino porque seamos realmente admirables. Que la gente de otros países se alegre porque llegamos
      los mexicanos, a visitar o a trabajar. (We want a MEXICO that has people who are proud of being Mexican–not because they should be, but because we are truly admirable.  May people from other countries be overjoyed because we Mexicans are arriving on their shores, either to visit or to work.)

    The dish that Chef Daniel prepared is symbolic of Mexico's current troubles (the red spilling down the edge of the plate).  Each of the other ingredients is also symbolic of the hopes of those who shared their hopes for Mexico's future.  The dish is bathed in the celebratory white mole that is usually served at fiestas.

    Mesamérica 2 Connie Green Hongos Silvestres
    Wild mushroom expert Connie Green from Napa, California went foraging for Mexican mushroom samples at Mexico City's Mercado San Juan, where seasonal wild mushrooms are always available.  Central Mexico is currently in its rainy season; during this time of year, many wild mushrooms are plentiful.  Ms. Green was thrilled with what she found here.  She pointed out that there are over 3,400 Mexican names for varieties of wild mushrooms, and she was pleased to point out that the chanterelle mushrooms she found here are better than the variety available in Europe.

    Mercado SJ Morels de Michoacán
    Among other mushroom varieties at Mercado San Juan, Ms. Green was impressed to find fresh morillas (morelles) from Michoacán.  Ms. Green also mentioned that the amanita cesaria, one of the great mushrooms of the world, is common in Mexico but rare in Europe.  She also said that the tricholoma matsutake, the second most valuable mushroom in the world, is grown in Oaxaca but exported to Japan, where it is prized for its for its distinct spicy-aromatic odor.

    Mesamérica 2 Guillermo González Beristáin
    Chef Guillermo González Beristáin (Restaurante Pangea, Monterrey) gave a fascinating explanation of the long-ago origins of some common foods–goat, lamb, and wheat flour tortillas–in his city in far-northern Mexico.  Early Jewish settlers brought these foods, common to their native lands, to Mexico with them.  It was easy to understand the reason for goat and lamb, but wheat flour tortillas?  Chef Guillermo said that this new-world bread was reminiscent of old-world pita.  He also mentioned that in households with middle-Eastern origins, three trees are traditionally planted in the family garden: a fig tree (representing the family), a pomegranate tree (representing wisdom), and a lemon tree (representing resignation).  He was obviously moved as he told the audience that he now has one of each tree in his own Monterrey garden.

    Chef Guillermo also showed a video of himself and several companions truffle-hunting just outside Monterrey.  Because the climate is similar to that of the south of France, five varieties of truffles grow there, in symbiosis with local oak trees.  Only one variety is edible.  He mentioned that the gentleman who told him about local Monterrey truffles had never seen or tasted a European truffle until Chef Guillermo brought him one from France.

    Mesamérica 2 Diana Kennedy con Mark Miller
    Diana Kennedy greets Mark Miller shortly before her Mesamérica talk.  Mrs. Kennedy, British author of nine important books recounting the history and preparation of traditional Mexican dishes, is one of the most knowledgeable food historians in Mexico.

    Mrs. Kennedy, a well-recognized and important pillar in the world of Mexican food, spoke as she often does: frankly and directly to the point.  Her point at Mesamérica was, as she said, to speak the uncomfortable truth.  She said, "Mexican cuisine worries me, above all the ingredients that are being used.  It's a great scandal that so-called Mexican products are being imported from other countries."  She specifically mentioned chile guajillo and chile de árbol, both of which are being imported to Mexico from China, and flor de jamaica (hibiscus flowers, commonly used for agua fresca and other applications), which are being imported from the Sudan.  Mrs. Kennedy is outraged that buying foreign products undercuts the livelihood of Mexican producers and particularly the campesinos (field workers).  She ardently urged that foreign chiles and jamaica be boycotted in favor of their Mexican-grown counterparts.  Although she smiled as she shook her fist, it is obvious that Mrs. Kennedy is both passionate and angry–and rightly so–about any foreign takeovers of Mexico's ingredients.

    Mesamérica 2 Mark Miller, DK, Steve Sando, Cristina
    Mark Miller, Diana Kennedy, Steve Sando, and Mexico Cooks! at Mesamérica.  Photo courtesy John Sconzo, LLC.

    Next week: Day Three of Mesamérica.  Be there or be square–all your favorite chefs give it their all.

    Looking for a tailored-to-your-interests specialized tour in Mexico? Click here: Tours.

  • Mesamérica 2012: Mexican Gastronomic Summit (Cumbre Gastronómica de México 2012) DAY ONE

    Mesamérica 1 Enrique Olvera A Life Worth Eating
    Chef Enrique Olvera of highly acclaimed Restaurante Pujol in Mexico City is the founder and guiding light of Mesamérica.  Photo courtesy Adam Goldberg.

    Mesamérica, highly touted as the Mexican culinary event of the year, opened on July 24 with a gala inaugural dinner at Mexico City's St. Regis Hotel.  Forty or so rock-star chefs and other luminaries of the international gastronomic world converged on the city for five days of teaching conferences,food, drink, celebration, and general merry-making. 

    Mesamérica 1 Ricardo Muñoz Zurita Laughs
    Chef Ricardo Muñoz Zurita of restaurants Azul/Condesa and Azul/Histórico gave a few opening remarks on July 25.

    Mesamérica 1 Alicia Gironella d'Angeli
    Chef Alicia Gironella d'Angeli, who together with her husband Giorgio d'Angeli founded Restaurante El Tajín in Mexico City as well as the Slow Food movement in Mexico, spoke from her long perspective as grande dame of Mexico's culinary world during Mesamérica's inauguration.  In her talk, she quipped that she was speaking from her juventud acumulada–her accumulated youth.

    The Mesamérica 2012 program included chefs from countries as diverse as England, Denmark, Chile, Mexico, and the United States.  Names as well-known in Mexico as Diana Kennedy, Javier Plascencia, Mikel Alonso, and Mónica Patiño were among those who gave talks to the huge crowds–as many as 2,000 in attendance for each of two daily sessions.  The names of James Casey (editor of SWALLOW magazine), Lars Williams (Nordic Food Labs, Copenhagen), and The Young Turks (Great Britain), which would previously have elicited a "Who?" from me and most of the attending throngs were common currency by the end of the conference.

    Mesamérica 1 Javier Plascencia
    Chef Javier Plascencia of Restaurante Misión 19, Baja California, along with (below)
    Mesamérica 1 Jaír Téllez B&W
    Chef Jair Téllez from Restaurante Laja of Baja California and Restaurante MeroToro of Mexico City  shared the podium on opening day and together spoke eloquently about the need to invent tradition in Baja California.  Chef Javier said, "I am very much inspired by street food, and Tijuana has become a culinary destination.  We are living our dream."

    Mesamérica 1 Dishware ProEpta
    ProEpta Mexican baking and tableware shared commercial space with several other culinary arts businesses.

    Mesamérica 1 Lars Williams Vial
    Lars Williams, of Copenhagen's Nordic Food Lab, asked conference assistants to pass around pinches and liquid samples of flavors concocted of insect parts and essences.  During his talk, he said that the basic tenet of the Food Lab is–and I quote–"Trying to get gringos to eat bugs".  The tiny vial in the photo contains a liquid made from fermented grasshoppers.  It smelled and tasted like soy sauce.

    Next week, Mexico Cooks! will highlight chefs and other culinary professionals from Mesamérica Day Two.  Stay tuned!

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  • And the Band Played On…Mexico and Its Music

    Lospanchos
    Trio Los Panchos, from the 1950s.  They're still playing today (with new members, some related to members of the original trio) and everyone of every age in Mexico knows all the words to all the songs they've sung since their beginning.  You can hear them here: [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WD-Nre__RzY&w=420&h=315] 

    A few nights ago some friends and I were having dinner at a local restaurant. A wonderful trio (lead guitar, second guitar, and bass) played a broad selection of Mexico's favorite tunes while we enjoyed our food and conversation. From the table behind us, a woman's voice rang out in English, "Boy, these mariachis are really good."

    Her comment, one I've heard over and over again, made me think about the many varieties of Mexican music. Not all Mexican music is mariachi, although many people assume that it is.

    It's just as incorrect to classify all Mexican music as mariachi as it is to classify all music from the United States as jazz. Mariachi has its traditions, its place, and its beauties, but there are many other styles of Mexican music to enjoy.

    Ranchera, norteña, trio, bolero, banda, huasteco, huapango, trova, danzón, vals, cumbia, jarocho, salsa, son–??the list could go on and on. While many styles of music are featured in specific areas, others, like norteña, banda, ranchera, and bolero, are heard everywhere in Mexico. Let's take a look at just a few of the most popular styles of music heard in present-day Mexico.

    Norteña
    Música norteña (northern music) will set your feet a-tapping and will remind you of a jolly polka. Norteña had its beginnings along the Texas-Mexico border. It owes its unique quality to the instrument at its heart, the accordion. The accordion was introduced into either far southeastern Texas or the far north of Mexico by immigrants from Germany, Czechoslovakia, or Poland. No one knows for sure who brought the accordion, but by the 1950s this rollicking music had become one of the far and away favorite music styles of Mexico.

    A norteña group of musicians playing a set of trap drums, a stand-up bass, and the accordion produces an instantly recognizable and completely infectious sound. The songs have a clean, spare accordion treble and a staccato effect from the drum, while the bass pounds out the deep bottom line of the music.

    Norteña is popular everywhere in Mexico. In many cities and towns, conjuntos norteños (bands) often play as itinerant musicians. These are the musicians who are often hired to play serenades in the wee hours of Mother's Day morning, who play under the window of a romantic young man's girl friend while she peeps from behind the curtain, and who wander through restaurantes campestres (country-style restaurants) all over Mexico to play a song or two for hire at your table.

    Feature2ramon
    The undisputed king of música norteña is Ramón Ayala. Over the past 30 years he has recorded an amazing 75 albums. His current group, Los Bravos del Norte, is heard everywhere, ??on every radio station and every jukebox. The group is widely imitated but never superseded. Ayala turns out well-crafted and balanced music, featuring lyrics with universally understood human themes. The songs, like the majority of norteñas, are about tragedy, loneliness, broken relationships, almost unbearable longing and pain, and about experiencing love in all its complicated nuances.  You can listen here to Ramón Ayala y Sus Bravos del Norte:

    [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJkAYYQNgNE&w=350&h=263] 

    Banda de Viento and Banda
    Banda de viento and banda are similar musical styles: both have a military legacy. Each has moved in its own direction to provide different types of entertainment.

    In Zacatecas, the state banda de viento plays concerts day and night.

    Banda de viento (wind band, or brass band) originated in Mexico in the middle 1800s during the reign of Emperor Maximilian and Empress Carlota. Later, Presidents Benito Juárez and Porfirio Dí­az commissioned the creation of brass bands in their home state, Oaxaca, in imitation of the brass bands that entertained at the Emperor's court.

    The huge upsurge of popularity of brass bands in Mexico came in the early 20th Century. After the Mexican revolution, local authorities formed "Sunday bands" made up of military musicians who played in municipalities' plaza bandstands all over Mexico.

    Zacatecas_band
    The Banda del Estado de Zacatecas (Zacatecas State Band) plays: Marcha de Zacatecas (Zacatecas March)

    There are regional differences in banda de viento style, but you can still take a Sunday stroll around many rural Mexican plazas as the tuba oompahs the bass part, the trumpets blare, squeaky clarinets take the lead, and the tamborazo (percussion) keeps the beat. The Sunday municipal band concert no longer exists in some large cities (although you can hear weekly concerts in both Guadalajara and Zapopan), but something new has taken its place: banda.

    Banda music, which exploded onto the Mexican music scene in the 1990s, is a direct outgrowth of the municipal bands of Mexico. Banda is one of the most popular styles of dance music among Mexican young people. In small towns, we're often treated to a banda group playing for a weekend dance on the plaza or at a salón de eventos (events pavilion) in the center of the village. The music is inevitably loud, with a strong bass beat. You'll hear any number of rhythms, from traditional to those taken from foreign music. It's almost rock and roll. It's almost–??well, it's almost a lot of styles, but it's pure banda.

    Few expatriates go to these dances and that's a shame, because it's great fun to go and watch the kids dance. You might want to take earplugs; the banks of speakers can be enormous and powerful.

    The dancing will amaze you. Children, teenagers, and adults of all ages dance in styles ranging from old fuddy-duddy to la quebradita. La quebradita is a semi-scandalous style of dance which involves the man wrapping his arms completely around the woman while he puts his right leg between her two as they alternate feet and twirl around the dance floor. Complete with lots of dipping and other strenuous moves, la quebradita is a dance that's at once athletic and extremely sexual.

    Bolero
    In the United States and Canada, it's very common for those of us who are older to swoon over what we know as the 'standards'. Deep Purple, Red Sails in the Sunset, Smoke Gets in Your Eyes, and almost anything by Ol' Blue Eyes can take us right back to our youthful romances. Most of us can dance and sing along with every note and word.

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    Here in Mexico, it's the same for folks of every age. The romantic songs from the 1940s, 50s, and 60s are known as boleros. The theme of the bolero is love–??happy love, unhappy love, unrequited love, indifference, ??but always love. I think just about everyone has heard the classic Bésame Mucho, a bolero written by Guadalajara native Consuelo Velásquez. This timeless favorite has been recorded by Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole, and The Beatles, among countless other interpreters of romance.

    Here's Luis Miguel, one of Mexico's modern interpreters of bolero, singing Sabor a Mi:  Luis Miguel 

    Armando Manzanero, born in 1935 in Mérida, Mexico, is one of the most famous writers of bolero. His more than 400 songs have been translated into numerous languages. More than 50 of his songs have gained international recognition. Remember Perry Como singing It's Impossible? The original song ??by Armando Manzanero ??is called Somos Novios.

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    Crowds memorialize Pedro Infante, one of Mexico's greatest stars.

    Agustí­n Lara was another of Mexico's prolific songwriters. Before Lara died in 1973, he wrote more than 700 romantic songs. Some of those were translated into English and sung by North of the Border favorites Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, and yes, even Elvis Presley. The most famous of his songs to be translated into English included You Belong to My Heart (originally Solamente Una Vez), Be Mine Tonight (originally Noche de Ronda), and The Nearness of You.

    Ranchera
    The dramatic ranchera (country music), which emerged during the Mexican Revolution, is considered by many to be the country's quintessential popular music genre. Sung to different beats, including the waltz and the bolero, its lyrics traditionally celebrate rural life, talk about unrequited love and tell of the struggles of Mexico's Everyman.

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    Ana Gabriel is today's reigning queen of música ranchera.  Listen to her sing one of her all-time great songs, Te Amo:

    [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPpMFBrZrpU&w=560&h=315] 

    Ranchera finds its inspiration in the traditional music that accompanies folkloric dancing in Mexico. Its form is romantic and its lyrics almost always tell a story, the kind of story we're used to in old-time country music in the United States: she stole my heart, she stole my truck, I wish I'd never met her, but I sure do love that gal. Pedro Infante, Mexico's most prolific male film star, is strongly associated with the ranchera style of Mexican music. One of the original singing cowboys, Infante's films continue to be re-issued both on tape and on DVD and his popularity in Mexico is as strong as it was in his heyday, the 1940s. Infante, who died in an airplane accident in 1957 when he was not quite forty, continues to be revered and is an enormous influence on Mexican popular culture.

    Ranchera continues to be an overwhelmingly emotional favorite today; at any concert, most fans are able to sing along with every song. This marvelous music is truly the representation of the soul of Mexico, the symbol of a nation.

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    Ana Gabriel is the queen, but Vicente Fernández is the king of ranchera. Listen to him sing Volver, one of his classics. 

    [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugNQ5uIN09Q&w=350&h=315] 

    Vicente Fernández, whose ranch, huge restaurant, and large charro-goods store are located between the Guadalajara airport and Lake Chapala, is the current reigning king of ranchera–??indeed, he is considered to be the King of Mexico.

    Mariachi
    Mariachi really is the music that most folks think of when they think of Mexico's music. Mariachi originated here, it's most famous here, and it's most loved here. The love of mariachi has spread all over the world as non-Mexicans hear its joyous (and sometimes tragic) sounds. At this year's Encuentro Internacional del Mariachi (International Mariachi Festival) in Guadalajara, mariachis from France, Czechoslovakia, Canada, Switzerland and the United States (among others) played along with their Mexican counterparts.

    In the complete mariachi group today there are six to eight violins, two or three trumpets and a guitar, all standard European instruments. There is also a higher-pitched, round-backed guitar called the vihuela, which, when strummed in the traditional manner gives the mariachi its typical rhythmic vitality. You'll also see a deep-voiced guitar called the guitarrón which serves as the bass of the ensemble. Sometimes you'll see a Mexican folk harp, which usually doubles the base line but also ornaments the melody. While these three instruments have European origins, in their present form they are strictly Mexican.

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    Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán is the most famous mariachi in the world.  Every year in Guadalajara they honor the city with their presence at the Encuentro Internacional de Mariachi.  If you'll be in Guadalajara between late August and early September, plan to attend one of the nightly Galas de Mariachi at the Teatro Degollado.  It's an unforgettable experience.  

    The combined sound of these instruments makes the music unique. Like the serape (a type of long, brightly striped shawl worn mainly by Mexican men) in which widely contrasting colors are woven side by side–??green and orange, red, yellow and blue–the mariachi use sharply contrasting sounds: the sweet sounds of the violins against the brilliance of the trumpets, and the deep sound of the guitarrón against the crisp, high voice of the vihuela; and the frequent shifting between syncopation and on-beat rhythm. The resulting sound is the heart and soul of Mexico.

    Next time you go to your local music store, look on the racks of CDs for some of the artists and styles of Mexican music I've mentioned. You may be quite surprised to see how popular the different styles are in the United States and Canada. As the population of countries North of the Border becomes more Mexican, the many sounds of Mexican music follow the fans. Next thing you know, you'll be dancing la quebradita.    

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